Goldin found that women with children left the labor force for no more than two years altogether, with younger women (graduating from 1989 to 1992) taking less time than their elders.
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Perhaps the least protected, underpaid work force in American labor, children are often the go-to workers for farms looking to cut costs.
Firestone won the case when Posner upheld the dismissal of a lawsuit on behalf of Liberian children allegedly pressed into labor because of the way Firestone paid for rubber produced in plantations there.
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In 2004, her organization -- the People Improvement Organization (PIO) -- opened a school at Phnom Penh's largest municipal trash dump, where children are a large source of labor.
Another concern is that women will push the age of motherhood to an extreme, endure more difficult pregnancies, risk premature labor and deny their children the chance of spending much, if any, time with their grandparents.
In 1950, only 12% of mothers with children under the age of six were in the labor force.
The labor force participation rate for mothers of young children stood at 70.6% in 2011, compared with 47% in 1975.
With many mouths to feed but a good deal of free labor--Kenny is the youngest of nine children--the family cast about for a new business opportunity and started breeding guppies in the concrete pigpens.
Early versions of new labor restrictions still being hashed out in Congress would have barred children under 16 from operating power-driven farm equipment and kept anyone under 18 from working at agricultural co-ops and stockyards (the latest version would let kids keep running machines on their parents' spreads).
The reduction of working hours was one of the original objectives of labor law, and was first directed toward the hours of working children in mid-19th century Europe.
Labor groups also argue that the violent sport sends the wrong message to children.
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Monsanto, Syngenta and Bayer, all working under the glare of labor monitors like Glocal, are grappling with ways to prevent the abuse of children.
In a country with a deteriorating fertility rate, and ever greater strains on those trying to raise children, telecommuting offers, at least for some, a way to remain in the labor force without cheating the next generation.
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But while the labor force may absorb Spanish-only employees, an emerging debate among policy makers asks whether their children face additional challenges in English-speaking schools.
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