Many problems that once required sawing through the breastbone and opening up the chest for open heart surgery now can be treated with a nip, twist or patch through a tube.
The 6, 000-patient study was designed to show that AtheroGenics' drug, known by the code name AGI-1067, decreased the risk not only of heart attack, stroke and death but also of less important heart problems, including stent procedures, bypass surgery and chest pain.
Later that year, Clinton underwent heart bypass surgery after experiencing chest pain and shortness of breath.
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Patients taking 80 milligrams of Lipitor were 16% less likely to die, have a heart attack, undergo bypass or angioplasty surgery, or develop worsening chest pain than those taking 40 milligrams of Pravachol.
The new treatment offers particular promise in patients who suffer from chest pain but for whom angioplasty or bypass surgery is no longer an option.
That said, a patient like Clinton, who was already on heart drugs, had had bypass surgery, and was suffering from severe chest pain, would almost always wind up getting a stent.
Faith, the other twin, faces further surgery to close the large wound in her chest.
For instance, when I go into hospital for surgery or if I get a cold or chest infection.
Collins, a 20-year-old sophomore at Boston's Emerson College, learned soon after he joined the Phi Alpha Tau fraternity that his insurance company declined to cover surgery to remove breast tissue to flatten his chest.
The idea is to relieve chest pain and perhaps prevent the need for open-heart surgery.
"The chest cracking part is not the most fun, " he said of his earlier bypass surgery.
Each person had suffered angina (chest pain), had at least one heart attack, and had undergone by-pass surgery.
Fish underwent minor heart surgery earlier in the year, to correct problems with the electrical connections in his chest, and has been struggling to regain full fitness.
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