The Department for Transport (DfT) said fines were not central government revenue, but were collected by the court service and passed through the DfT to the safety camera partnerships to be reinvested.
This is almost the same rate as this year's predicted increase in central-government revenue (2.4 trillion yuan is the target).
The finance minister knows that the key to raising central-government tax revenue is not raising rates, but getting more people to pay taxes.
There is clear evidence from Ireland that a blanket ban will result in business closures, job losses, increased levels of crime and a huge hole in central and local government revenue.
Preventing the building of such a pipeline may ultimately depend on the central government agreeing to a fair revenue-sharing mechanism and passing an oil law.
But funding from central government, which accounts for the bulk of local-government revenue, may take years to catch up.
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To boost its primary budget surplus (excluding interest payments), the government now includes in its accounts revenue from the Central Bank and the pension system.
China has more than 1, 000 county-level governments and hundreds of city and municipal councils that rely on revenue from local taxes, land sales and central-government transfers because rules bar most from selling bonds.
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Significant challenges remain: relations with the central government in Baghdad remain vexed, not least over how to share oil revenue and the precise demarcation of the border between the Kurdish region and the rest of the country.
It also calls for an increase in central-government handouts to rural areas, to make up for their loss of revenue as a result of reforms intended to reduce peasants' tax burdens.
While cameras generate revenue from fines, the road safety partnership said any money went back to central government through the courts.
Hiltermann argued that the sharp drop in the price of oil last year forced the Iraqi central government to compromise with the Kurds, as Baghdad scrambled to find alternative sources of much-needed revenue.
The devolution law hands the regions many of the central government's former responsibilities, like health care, education and public works, but only a quarter of its revenue.
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