Participants trade goods and services to each other in return for agreed LETS credits, which are recorded in a central exchange.
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In the report, Joseph S. Fichera, the CEO of the advisory firm Saber Partners, LLC, advocates for a uniform municipal bond central exchange, a solution that the researcher Andrew Ang has also pushed.
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This bargain was done on terms that Germany has always advocated: more central control in exchange for more solidarity.
Ultimately a firm creates wealth by acting as a central point of exchange of resources between the constituents of the business.
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Now it demands that central banks support exchange rates at any cost.
In the meantime, the major banks must be put under the direction of the European Central Bank in exchange for a temporary guarantee and permanent recapitalization.
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Asked about the trend for central banks to look less at inflation-targeting and more at policy areas that affect exchange rates, Mario Draghi, president of the European Central Bank, said earlier this month that the exchange rate was very important "as far as growth and stability" were concerned but was not a policy target for the ECB.
West and Central Africa's exchange rate no longer seems so overvalued as it did.
Typically, governments hold cash reserves in their central bank as foreign exchange reserves for the purpose of stabilizing currency and management of liquidity.
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At the same time, the European Central Bank agreed to exchange Greek government bonds it bought on the secondary market for less than their face value, provided the debt-restructuring talks succeed, according to people briefed on the negotiations.
In terms of capital markets, interest rate liberalization and a more market-oriented exchange rate are central.
Officials at China's securities regulator, central bank and foreign-exchange regulator couldn't be reached for comment.
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After all, the pound has spent the past ten months above its old central rate in the European exchange-rate mechanism of DM2.95.
These could provide much-needed foreign exchange for the central government's depleted coffers.
It says careful matching of exchange partners is central to successful visits and host families should be confirmed as suitable by the host school.
Further confirmation that the U.S. dollar is gradually losing its reserve status came today from an International Monetary Fund report on global holdings of foreign exchange reserves by central banks.
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Euronext, a continental stock exchange that offers central counterparty and netting services via its clearing house, Clearnet, says it is happy to discuss partnerships with other European clearing houses to find a pan-European solution.
Countries with plenty of reserves, such as China or India, could allow mutual funds (domestic or foreign) to issue shares in domestic currency with which they could buy foreign exchange from the central bank.
Mr Brooks and Fiona Lake, one of his colleagues, have looked at annual foreign-exchange interventions by central banks in emerging Asian economies, tracking the pace at which they built up reserves by buying foreign currency.
The standard line from the academic literature is that central bank intervention in foreign exchange works only when it's in line with the fundamentals - and even then, only when lots of central banks work together.
Sentiment was underpinned for much of the day on suggestions that the European Central Bank is willing to exchange its holdings in Greek government bonds with the European Financial Stability Facility at a discounted price, which would allow Greece to tap the first tranche of its second bailout.
The index is proportionally weighted based on foreign-exchange trading volume data from the Bank for International Settlements' triennial central-bank survey on global foreign-exchange market activity.
Instead of aiming for an exchange rate, their central banks have an inflation target.
At the moment, only Euronext, the merged French, Dutch and Belgian exchange, uses a central counterparty for equity deals.
The governor of the central bank enthuses about unifying the exchange rate, but declines to say what the country's foreign reserves are.
Though India's banks face bad debts, its cloistered financial system, high foreign-exchange reserves and capable central bank mean it is not about to keel over.
"In the first half of the current year, the Central Bank has not allocated any exchange for the import of drugs and medical equipment, " she said.
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The central bank's website showed the exchange rate as 11, 180 rial to one US dollar.
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It is more flexible (with a floating exchange rate) and its central bank is still soundly run.
There are several exemptions, including primary equity and bond issues, spot foreign-exchange deals and deals involving central clearing-houses.
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