Using Bureau of Economic Analysis data, my associate Jonathan Robe calculated real growth rates in per capita income in the 50 states from 1980 through 2009.
If we compare the base-rule value just calculated with the actual base growth rates experienced recently, we see that the base rule calls for a slightly more expansionary monetary policy than that of the past few months.
Indeed, every other similar investment has proved that journey time and frequency improvements equal passenger growth that can be calculated.
That's because December trade data, which wasn't available when the government calculated its first estimate for fourth-quarter growth, showed solid growth in exports.
Growth and innovation come from daring ideas and calculated gambles, but boldness is getting harder to come by at some companies.
One study by Australia's central bank calculated that a third of East Asia's GDP growth in 1965-90 came from its favourable demography.
Before I tell you more, let me show you: here are (courtesy of my assistant Sandy Chan) the percentage growth rate numbers for various Arab countries, as calculated or estimated by the IMF economists.
Perhaps the most surprising statistic to turn up in this study is the meager 1.4% real growth in earnings per share, a number Arnott and Bernstein calculated from data going back to 1871.
Following this argument, India's growth rate is higher because the base on which the rate is calculated is narrower.
We calculated medians for each school, extrapolating to missing years with the assumption of a constant growth rate.
We calculated medians for each school, filling in missing years with the assumption of a constant growth rate.
An IMF working paper published in 2009 calculated that if China remained as dependent on exports as in recent years, then to sustain annual GDP growth of 8% its share of world exports would rise to about 17% by 2020.
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