They had to work in a primitive kitchen darkened by the absence of reliable electricity.
The situation is made even more complicated by the absence of a functioning Constitutional Court.
America's immigration wars are expanding into the vacuum caused by the absence of a federal policy.
Great leaders are not defined by the absence of weakness, but rather by the presence of clear strengths.
Thus the total demographic effect of aging is attenuated by the absence of female workers in the older cohorts.
Wiggins' 2012 challenge was aided by the absence of two cycling superstars.
Seeing entries for Monopoly, Scrabble and Trivial Pursuit (three Parker Brothers' board games), I was immediately struck by the absence of chess and backgammon.
But Gatland says no-one should be fooled by the absence of global stars such as Victor Matfield, Schalk Burger and Bryan Habana from the visitors' line-up.
It had history and home-field advantage on its side, while Chelsea was hamstrung by the absence of four key players, including captain John Terry, through suspension.
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With light and power sorted, the next challenge would be protecting green houses from cosmic radiation, micro-meteorites and other dangers presented by the absence of an atmosphere.
Newcomers are attracted by the absence of state income and capital-gains taxes, cheap housing and, compared with most other parts of America, a steady stream of jobs.
One U.S. official said he was encouraged by the absence of new reported cases but said he would await the formal report before considering lifting the restrictions.
Shopping with the ease of a click of a button, accompanied by the absence of the dreaded pilgrimage to the mall, moments of indecision, and ambush of salesclerks.
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Recently, I was told that in the United States, Russian and Brazilian customers are taking up some of the slack caused by the absence of Japanese and Chinese customers.
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That gave the DR Congo side the win, despite being hampered by the absence of two key players - top scorer and captain Tresor Mputu Mabi and midfielder Guy Lusadisu.
The IMF's view, broadly speaking, is that without excessive risk-taking by financial institutions, which was aided by the absence of regulation, imbalances would not by themselves have caused the meltdown.
Moody's, another rating agency, says it was less worried by the absence of covenants last year than by the more aggressive use of borrowed money (in particular, bank debt) in private-equity deals.
England are in a similar situation for their tour to South Africa, although much of that has been forced by the absence of Leicester, Wasps and Bath players because those clubs are in European finals.
In fact, not only are we seeing diminished investment and growing concentration in innovation spending, but it also appears that this is accompanied by the absence of marked improvement in the art of innovation itself.
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Rangers - and manager Warnock in particular - were incensed by the absence of an offside flag but replays suggested it had just about been the correct decision by the referee's assistant to allow play to continue.
City's defence was already weakened by the absence of Joleon Lescott and Wayne Bridge, and it was further diminished by the loss of Micah Richards, due to an ankle injury sustained in the build-up to Mensah's goal.
Newcastle interim boss Kinnear again left Owen - not long ago a hugely prolific goalscorer for England - on the bench, while Wigan were evidently handicapped by the absence of first-choice strikers Emile Heskey and Amr Zaki.
Without a binding manifesto, it distinguishes itself from other parties by the absence of a party whip, which it claims reduces the House of Commons to a "talking shop" that accepts the government's proposals with little scrutiny.
The week that is about to conclude has once again been defined by the ebb and flow (more the former rather than the latter) of Fedspectations and by the absence of decent physical gold demand from key markets.
In their final report, the members of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments noted that they were concerned by the absence of federal regulations to protect children who are wards of the state, especially those in institutions.
Several teams of scientists trying to measure how much methane is actually being released have reported seeing vast bubbles coming up through the water - although analysing how much this matters is complicated by the absence of similar measurements from previous decades.
Should he do so, Messi will become the first footballer to win the prestigious honor on four separate occasions -- a record that would be made all the more notable by the absence of a World Cup winner's medal in his cabinet.
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The urban landscape is, of course, much changed from the era the hotel so tenderly evokes, and ever transformed by the jolting absence of the Twin Towers.
As is so often the case in other areas, our public landscape and the architecture profession are shaped by only a small fraction of our potential collective genius, and limited by the creative absence of so many.
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