This error likely had the effect of muting volatility by a factor of two and of lowering the VaR .

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But let's just say that it's off by a factor of two.

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"By a factor of two, technology companies had more malware than any other industry, " says Rob Rachwald, the company's senior director of research.

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At present, solar panel production capacity exceeds supply by a factor of two to one, and prices have fallen by two-thirds over the past two years.

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They were then commanded to reduce their height by a factor of two (to 23km) for another three months, allowing them to obtain data at an even better resolution.

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Every clinician has his or her own way of doing things, and the rates of failure and complication (not to mention the costs) for a given service routinely vary by a factor of two or three, even within the same hospital.

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Note how abruptly scientific leaders can become followers: in the first decades of the 20th century, when Heidelberg and Freiburg were at the center of the academic universe, Germany won more Nobel prizes than any other country: 38 between 1901 and 1931, outpacing the U.S. by a factor of two and a half.

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On a dollars-per mile basis, the price of an economy car has gone up by about a factor of two, not five as the CPI would suggest.

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On this score, London looks much better than Athens, which overspent by a factor of far more than two and the great record-breaker, Montreal, whose citizens were paying for the 1976 games for decades.

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