The authors say that rather than making the qualification compulsory the challenge is to provide a "clear and attractive alternative" for students who achieve good grades in GCSE maths but do not currently go on to study AS or A-level mathematics.
The Royal Society of Edinburgh said under new plans, entrants would need qualifications in English, maths and a language, but not science.
But the same data did not give the overall figures for maths, science and English teacher posts.
They say their data therefore show that improvements in maths scores are related not to economic development, but directly to improvements in the social position of women.
But in more equal societies, not only were the girls as good at maths as the boys, their advantage in reading had increased.
"The same head introduced 'Wow Wednesdays", he said, "where you let your hair down", but one pupil had arrived at a maths lesson and said he was not doing it because of that.
In maths and science boys and girls perform much the same at primary school, but at age 15 boys do rather better than girls in maths (though not science).
The study's authors said they did not know why this was the case, but suggested employers seemed to value maths skills and were willing to reward them with higher wages.
The government has made more places available in maths this year as one of its priority subjects, but this does not sway students like Jack who do not find the subject rewarding enough.
Ms Truss said she was "not anti-calculator", but claimed that their use may be lowering basic standards in maths.
"It may not be appropriate to use calculators for the whole of the maths test paper, but it is a retrograde step to ban them completely as it will diminish the skills set for primary pupils and leave them floundering in secondary school".
Performance tables will judge schools not just on the number of pupils achieving five good GCSEs in English and maths, but also science, foreign languages and a humanities subject, Mr Gove said.
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