Ofqual has held an inquiry into the problems but stands by the gradings despite complaints that pupils who sat the papers in January got higher grades than those who sat them in June.

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Mr Madoff's investment business was overseen by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), but it failed to carry out any examinations despite receiving complaints from investors and rivals since as long ago as the late 1990s.

ECONOMIST: The Madoff affair

Despite all the complaints, average commuting time remained stable through the 1990s, but the average distance travelled grew.

ECONOMIST: Road-pricing in California

Party machines are out there trying to mobilise their voters but there are also some high-profile independent candidates who are in with a shout, despite their complaints of a lack of official funding for a mail shot.

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