In 1975, Boston's public schools began their court-ordered citywide busing program amid scattered incidents of violence.
The bottom line from that 1974 Milliken ruling: Cross-district busing would not be allowed, Douglas said.
Like a local school board who loses a levy and stops busing, politicians relish punishing recalcitrant taxpayers.
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Busing began in Denver in 1974 when a federal judge ordered the city to desegregate its schools.
The Paul campaign also contributed to the horde by busing in about 100 pro-Paul college students from Massachusetts.
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Lawyers tried this with busing and affirmative action and the results have been, to use a journalistic euphemism, decidedly mixed.
The 1971 Swann case from North Carolina approved various tools, such as busing and magnet schools, as integration remedies in urban areas.
And everyone agrees that busing children out of their own neighbourhoods disconnects parents from schools and diminishes the community's sense of unity.
Forty years ago, progressives were sure that court-ordered busing of school children to achieve racial integration represented a great victory over bigotry and oppression.
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Despite great resistance in Charlotte to the busing order in the early days, the city boomed after the last schools had been integrated in 1975.
In the 1970s and 1980s, issues such as affirmative action and school busing still riled up many, but de jure racial segregation was no longer considered acceptable by most.
Due to Tube congestion, especially during the Opening and Closing Ceremonies, most Olympic attendees will probably find themselves walking, busing, or cabbing at least part of the journey.
Northern States were not without their own de facto restrictions as violence broke out in Boston in response to the busing of students from all-Black to formerly all-White schools.
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School busing for integration became widespread in the 1970s after years of unsuccessful challenges to the Supreme Court's landmark 1954 decision, Brown v Board of Education, which ruled that separate and unequal school systems were unconstitutional.
Until such ideas win more support, advocates of busing in Charlotte fear that a court ruling ending compulsory busing would toss aside years of desegregation efforts, and inner-city schools would become jammed with poor children, most of them black.
The irony is that the trial is being held in the courtroom of a federal district judge, Robert Potter, who declined to excuse himself from the case despite the fact that he led a citizens' anti-busing campaign before he joined the bench.
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