Dr Shulman added that the reduction could be a contributing factor to the development of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes because of its effect on fat burning and mitochondria production.

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The effect was multiplied by the creation of coal-burning locomotives and the rise of the railroads (thanks again to profit-seekers, such as George Stephenson) and ultimately by oil and the rise of cars, trucks, and airplanes.

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The combined effect of charging and improved vehicle technology, notably cleaner-burning diesel engines that are being used in more buses and taxis, has led to an overall reduction of 13% in nitrogen oxides and 12% in PM10 via vehicle tailpipe emissions in the charging zone.

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