This work is funded by Cancer Research UK, which is also investigating the use of tamoxifen to prevent breast cancer in high-risk women.

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Studies show that it's about 90% effective in preventing breast cancer in moderate and high-risk women.

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About one in every 100 women over the age of 30 falls into the high-risk category for breast cancer that Emma was in.

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Given intravenously, Kadcyla courses through the body, looking for breast-cancer cells with a distinguishing feature: a high number of a particular protein, called HER2, on their surface.

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First, the discovery of rare, high penetrance germ-line mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 identified a small subset of women with a very high life-time risk of breast and ovarian cancer.

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"These Avastin breast cancer results are disappointing, but this was a high-risk study to begin with, " says Li.

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Today Norton's "dose-dense" regimen is common practice for certain breast cancer patients at high risk of relapse after surgery.

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The researchers, from Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, found that when two proteins, called AIB1 and HER-2, are present in high levels in the cells of women who have had breast cancer, their tumours are resistant to the cancer-fighting effects of tamoxifen.

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More than a dozen cancers -- from breast and prostate cancer to pancreatic and colon cancer -- have been linked to America's epidemic of high caloric intake and lack of physical activity.

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