This fear involves more modern parts of our brain in the cortex.
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Researchers at Stanford and at the Pierre and Marie Curie University in France had targeted neurons in the mouse brain's cortex and thalamus known to be overactive during seizures.
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Dr. Robert Greenberg, Second Sight's chief executive, told the New York Times that eventually, the company would like to implant the electrodes directly into the brain's cortex to treat blindness from all causes.
The results suggest that these emotions are handled in the medial prefrontal cortex (the middle of the front of the frontal lobe), the left posterior superior temporal sulcus (one of the furrows towards the side of the brain) and the visual cortex (towards the back of the brain).
When they were faced with tossing or keeping their own items, the hoarders' brain responses also differed from that of the other participants: they showed excessive activation in the anterior cingulate cortex, a brain region involved with decision-making, particularly in situations involving conflicting information or uncertainty.
In Alzheimer's disease, tau is typically found in the outer part of the brain, called the cortex.
The team suggests lead is having this effect because it attaches itself selectively to sites in the brain's frontal cortex and striatum.
The scientists used an EEG (electroencephalogram) to measure electrical activity in an area of the brain called the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in judgment and motivation.
He has been experimenting with the idea of collecting signals straight from the brain's motor cortex and using them to direct mechanical devices such as artificial arms and even wheelchairs.
The aim is to systematically explore the roots of vision and decision-making by analyzing the billions of cells and synapses in the brain's cerebral cortex, which plays a critical role in vision, memory and awareness.
Functional-imaging studies of the brain have revealed another tantalizing clue: During the aura phase, a wave of electrical activity sweeps over the outer, furrowed layer of the brain known as the cortex, at a pace of 2 to 3 millimeters per minute.
Researchers discovered reduced activity in a part of the cerebral cortex of the brain called the "fusiform gyrus".
More recent research suggests that the same thing happens in the brain region called the prefrontal cortex, which is crucial for decision-making and attention, he said.
But most striking of all was the flurry of activation in the insular cortex of the brain, which is associated with feelings of love and compassion.
But once something is repeated often enough, it becomes hardwired and automatic, and the neural pathways for this skill are delegated to other parts of the brain, farther down the cortex.
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It is surely no coincidence that much of the activity Dr Okubo found is in that characteristically human part of the brain, the enlarged cerebral cortex, rather than in the limbic system.
All these are examples of a critter brain that has hijacked the prefrontal cortex.
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Psychiatrists have long trained the brain's pre-frontal cortex to fight against acute conditions like anxiety, post-traumatic stress and attention-deficit disorder.
First the team showed that they could use the state of a region of the brain, called the medial prefronal cortex, to predict how much deep, or slow-wave, sleep a person would have.
In the study, he and colleagues focused on an area of the brain called the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which has been strongly implicated in our ability to play with numbers in our heads.
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The researchers concentrated on two areas of the brain, the hippocampus and the frontal cortex, areas where plaque formation occurs in humans.
Among the non-epileptic children, brain activity in an area called the cortex increased when the contrast in the flicker was 20% - the difference between grey and white.
Recent animal studies have shown that stimulating the entorhinal cortex improved the growth of brain cells in adult mice and appeared to enhance memory for locations and spatial knowledge.
It consisted of a 100-electrode panel about the size of a baby aspirin that was placed on the surface of the brain at a fold in the motor cortex where hand movement is controlled.
Previous research has shown that visual and tactile information can be fed into and out of a rat's brain using microscopic electrodes implanted in the cortex -- most recently when the animals learnt to "feel" invisible infrared radiation.
In 1986 Kevin Kinsella, a venture capitalist, spotted a neuroscience paper about the olfactory cortex of a rat's brain.
Another suggests hypnotherapy may have an impact on a part of the brain which processes pain called the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).
In her left brain, the mathy part of her cerebral cortex, lay the calculations that caused her to derive that 5% estimate.
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They concentrate on the hippocampus -- part of the cerebral cortex which sits deep in the brain -- where short-term memories become long-term ones.
This is a spot which contains some of the nerve tracts that transmit information from the eyes to the visual cortex at the back of the brain.
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