Hence her refusal to endorse unlimited bond buying by the ECB and her dismissal of jointly guaranteed eurobonds, an idea touted again this week by the European Commission.
The firms hoped capital gains on shares and property would close the gap between the interest rates they had guaranteed and those they could earn on their bond portfolios.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, they offered individuals annuities that paid guaranteed interest rates much higher than were available in the bond market.