Specialized consultancies such as BMB Islamic and Sharia Capital have sprung up, which do a large part of the groundwork on the products and help banks liaise with the scholars.

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"Western institutions tend to go with big names who have been working with them and have built up a reputation over the past 15 or 20 years partly because their risk management systems require them to do so, " explained Humayon Dar, chief executive of BMB Islamic, a London-based consultancy.

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