Risk factors for epilepsy such as birth defects and poor nutrition are known to be more common among deprived groups.
About 20, 000 pregnancies each year are affected by diabetes and, therefore, carry higher risk of miscarriage, birth defects and still birth.
It's issues like these -- prenatal alcohol exposure for example -- that have led to birth defects and illnesses in many children.
To minimize the chances of harming the fetus, doctors avoid medications known to cause birth defects and those too new to be declared safe during pregnancy.
At the time the FDA said the drug resulted in "significant" weight loss but the agency said it was concerned about a possible risk of birth defects and an unknown impact on the heart.
The investigative weekly "Hildebrand en sus Trece" reported in 2010 that Pluspetrol had 78 oil spills in the region from 2006-2010, and Shapiama blamed the spills for ailments including birth defects and spontaneous abortions.
The survey wasn't designed to determine causes but is useful in assembling a "more complete picture of autism" and in helping communities plan services for children, said Coleen Boyle, director of the CDC's National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities.
Campaigners worry that incinerators produce dioxins (a highly toxic family of chemicals that can cause cancer and birth defects) and tiny particles of soot (also carcinogenic).
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They were convinced that the overwhelming incidence of illness, birth defects, and cancer in their neighborhood was due to the amount of agrochemicals being sprayed on the fields adjacent to it.
They will also study oral cancer and birth defects such as cleft lip and cleft palate.
Stress has also been linked in previous research with premature births and birth defects including visual, hearing and intellectual impairments, as well as complications in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and renal systems.
It says health problems linked to incineration include some forms of cancer, heart disease, birth defects, allergies and breathing problems.
"Do not assume these are cases of Schmallenberg virus infection as other diseases can cause birth defects in lambs and calves and it is important to know which you are dealing with, " he said.
It may cause potentially severe side effects, like depression, inflammatory bowel disease and birth defects.
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Dioxin is linked to cancer, skin disease and reproductive problems such as miscarriages and birth defects.
However, they said overall there was "no strong evidence" of a link between deployment in the Gulf and birth defects.
It was put on the market in1982 and its known side effects include increased sensitivity to sunlight and birth defects.
Families worried about landfill sites and birth defects are being urged to call the Birth Defects Foundation's confidential helpline on 08700 707020.
Phthalates can leach into food, resulting in hormone imbalances and birth defects although no one knows at what level those effects are triggered, he says.
Whether radiation in produce is or is not harmful, what's certain is malnutrition is common, which often can result in illnesses and birth defects.
Many of us have certain mental images that spring to mind when thinking of the effects of radioactive contamination: mutated animals, children with deformities and birth defects, for example.
Professor Ashford believes the huge rise in pesticide use over the last half century could explain many illnesses, ranging from skin rashes and breathing problems to cancers and birth defects.
BBC: By BBC News Online's Environment Correspondent Alex Kirby
Children with SLOS have autism spectrum disorders and the most severely affected have birth defects, such as cleft palates, learning disabilities and heart defects.
Half a century ago, the drug was used to treat nausea and caused birth defects.
One of the ingredients in Qsymia is topiramate, an anti-convulsant that has been linked to birth defects such as cleft lip and cleft palate in babies born to women who have taken it for migraines or seizures.
"Following the publication of a US study into birth defects, HFEA's scientific and clinical advances committee reviewed our guidance and advice about the risks of treatment, " he said.
Furthermore, lower levels of mycotoxins in pest-resistant GE corn mean fewer birth defects, such as spina bifida, and less toxicity to livestock.
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Celgene, instead, found by accident that thalidomide, the nausea drug that causes birth defects, was a potent cancer fighter and developed an improved follow-on version, Revlimid.
Penny Loker, 31, was born with hemifacial microsomia and Goldenhar Syndrome, two birth defects that left her with a disfigured face.
The government estimates 1 in 33 babies are born with birth defects regardless of medication use during pregnancy, and studies eventually concluded that Bendectin didn't increase that baseline risk.
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