Ms O'Toole says that hardly any American cities have practised their response to a biological attack.

ECONOMIST: Biowarfare could be the worst terrorist threat of all

However, due to the strong correlation with biological and contextual determinants, the response called for interdisciplinary and multisector collaborations.

ECONOMIST: Letters

In cells, enzymes are the basis of the natural circuits that switch genes on and off, maintain biological rhythms and produce molecular answers in response to environmental stimuli.

ECONOMIST: DNA computing

This is called a hormetic response, a little bit of a biological stress, below toxic levels, activates defenses in the body.

FORBES: Is Ethical Human Genetic Enhancement Possible?

In the absence of any international response to this particularly egregious violation, the Soviet biological weapons program has reportedly proceeded apace.

CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: Center for Security Policy | Banning Chemical Weapons: Negotiating Unilateral US Disarmament

The grassroots Internet forum On the Frontlines of Climate Change was launched by UNESCO in response to this outcry, in partnership with the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (SCBD), the Secretariat of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issue (SPFII) and the Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (OHCHR).

UNESCO: On the frontlines of climate change: Sami reindeer herders