Federal law dictates that, unless they are unfit, biological parents have custody of their children.
For comparison, Keyes and colleagues also interviewed a control group of teenagers raised by their biological parents.
International adoptions also offer families who don't want open adoptions more distance from biological parents -- geographically, psychologically and logistically.
"When we take children into our care, reunification with the biological parents is always our goal, " spokeswoman Amy Webb told CNN.
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The more offenses the biological parents had, the more likely it was that their offspring would be convicted of a crime.
"Nobody mentioned the impact of abandonment, neglect, abuse, insecurity and conflicting messages that the biological parents might have had in this, " he wrote.
Much of civilization is based on the principle that children are best socialized in a home by two biological parents in a committed relationship.
It is simply a fact that children do best when their biological parents are married to each other and raise them in an intact family.
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There are a number of things adoptive parents -- and biological parents for that matter -- can do to minimize the risk of their children experimenting with drugs and alcohol, say experts.
But 8.6% of those who had at least one biological parent who abused drugs had their own abuse problems versus 4.2% of adoptees whose biological parents did not have a history of drug abuse.
Five years ago the government lifted the anonymity granted to donors, so that now any offspring conceived by the donor method, are able to trace their biological parents when they get to the age of 18.
She was abandoned as a newborn at a hospital in Malaysia (to this day she has no clue as to who her biological parents are) and adopted by a poverty-stricken 63-year-old widow who was a habitual gambler.
The study found that as well as women being particularly susceptible to the debilitating effects of alcohol, students who reported having alcohol-related problems or one or more biological parents with a history of alcohol-related problems suffered the worst hangovers.
Margo Wilson and Martin Daly, famous for a study several years ago which showed that children are far more likely to be killed by step-parents than biological parents, tend to look at things from a Darwinian point of view.
"There are plenty of reasons why married couples do very well and why children brought up by their biological parents do better, but that is no reason to damn the widow or damn anybody, " he told BBC Radio 4's Today programme.
The segment tells the story of Jobs life as an adopted kid growing up in what would become Silicon Valley, his complicated relationship with his biological parents, his ouster from Apple in 1985, his thunderous comeback with both Pixar and Apple, and his family.
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Gay couples can be excellent parents but it's not the same as having the biological inheritance of both parents passed on to the child.
Several parties have a stake in what happens to this girl: Her biological mother and father, the adoptive parents, the federal government, the Oklahoma-based tribe, and a legal guardian appointed by the state to represent the child's interests.
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