That bias towards control is understandable, and not merely self-interested.
The problem is what is called self-control bias in behavioral finance.
Further, those who had intense emotion AND were better able to recognize their current feelings did even better, because their emotional insight helped control potential bias produced by those feelings.
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We may not be able to control all the factors that contribute to gender bias in the workplace, but we certainly can control our own attitude and belief system.
Workers know logically that they need to save more for retirement, but they struggle to forgo present consumption, owing to lack of self-control, an emotional bias.
In conventional studies, patients are randomly assigned to a treatment or control group to reduce sources of bias.
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First, it is a retrospective case-control study and is therefore susceptible to reporting bias, meaning that people with ALS may report their coffee consumption differently from controls.
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The gold standard for testing medical treatments is the randomized trial, in which patients are randomly assigned to a treatment or control group to spread patient differences evenly and avoid bias in results.
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The lower intensity of dietary intervention for the control group during the first few years might have caused a bias toward a benefit in the two Mediterranean-diet groups, since the participants in these two groups received a more intensive intervention during that time.
While it would be a formidable task to check every study Wagenaar et al. subsumed in their meta-analysis, a quick check to find out whether they included a study with a known systematic bias reveals the study included Chesson et al., a study by the Centers for Disease Control which claimed that increased beer taxes could reduce the rate of gonorrhea.
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