In 2006, Stardust is scheduled to become the first spacecraft to return to Earth with material from beyond the moon.
The same information stored digitally on CDs would create a stack of discs that would reach beyond the moon, according to the researchers.
If the 295 trillion megabytes (or, exabytes) of stored information were saved on CD-ROMs, the stack of CDs would stretch from the Earth to beyond the moon, according to Hilbert and Lopez.
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This servicing plan should free up resources for Nasa to build an astronaut Space Launch System capable of travelling beyond the station, to the Moon, asteroids and to Mars.
Apollo 16 and Apollo 17 carried biology experiments known as Biostacks 1 and 2 beyond these belts (the moon is about 400, 000 kilometers away).
This conical capsule will take astronauts much deeper into space, beyond the station to destinations such as asteroids, the Moon and even Mars.
In contrast, the rising countries of Asia, notably China and India, have begun plans for manned flights to the moon and beyond.
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It enables the Chinese to build and operate their own space station, establish the technology that is necessary to efficiently send astronauts to the moon and beyond, build and operate fuel depots, and construct vehicles and bases in space.
The architecture calls for two new rockets: the Ares 1 to launch crew, and a new heavy-lift rocket known as Ares 5 that could put into orbit the equipment needed by an Orion capsule to travel to the Moon and beyond.
Although Mercury and the Moon never progressed beyond the planetary-congealing stage, volcanic activity on Mars, Venus and Earth created powerful forces that caused further mineral diversification.
We will build new ships to carry man forward into the universe, to gain a new foothold on the moon and to prepare for new journeys to the worlds beyond our own.
CNN: Bush: 'It is time for America to take the next steps' in space
"We believe that beyond the prize, there's actually ongoing commerce on the surface of the moon, " he reveals.
My company, Moon Express, is focused on the next stage of commercial space beyond low Earth orbit, and is already developing early precursor robotic missions in partnership with NASA to explore the Moon and learn how to develop its resources for the benefit of life on Earth.
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Satellites beyond Earth use radio waves for tracking and communication, but the moon satellite is the only one to rely on lasers for tracking, NASA said.
The intention was to give the US a crew-carrier and rocket technology that could go beyond low-Earth orbit to more distant targets, back to the Moon and further.
Our third goal is to return to the moon by 2020, as the launching point for missions beyond.
CNN: Bush: 'It is time for America to take the next steps' in space
Russia says it also remains committed to sending cosmonauts beyond Earth's orbit in the future, including to a permanent base on the moon that it says could be used as a future launching pad for flights to Mars.
Experience gained from new journeys to the Moon would be used in "human missions to Mars and to worlds beyond", the president said.
BBC: NEWS | Science/Nature | Bush unveils Moon and Mars plans
One part, space tourism, is a luxury service that is, in any case, unlikely to go beyond low-Earth orbit at best (the cost of getting even as far as the moon would reduce the number of potential clients to a handful).
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