The M5M has an MTBF (mean time between failures) of 2.4 million hours.
Its newer cousins on the E line in Manhattan and Queens averaged more than 1.6 million miles between failures, the system's best mark.
The cars on the C line made it about 62, 000 miles between failures in January, MTA records show, a 40% drop in monthly performance from one year earlier.
The experiences of the reponses to Hurricane Katrina and 9-11 show what can happen when there are massive failures of communications between military and civilian authorities and agencies: hardware failures, incompatibility, system overload, interference, and other factors that vastly complicated a coordinated response.
Amy Edmondson of Harvard Business School argues that the first thing they must do is distinguish between productive and unproductive failures.
Recognize the difference between good and bad failures, i.e. those initiatives that fail because they were high risk encountered unpredictable pitfalls and those that failed because of poor planning, poor management and poor execution.
The state saw more bank failures than most between 2008 and 2012, as its banks suffered from the fallout of overzealous real estate development, especially along the coast.
The additional capital requirements in combination with enhanced risk management standards, in theory should lead to reduced risk of bank failures, and should decrease the interdependence between financial institutions, effectively reducing the risk of future banking crises.
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The Port Authority has been working with the Federal Aviation Administration to rectify the failures, detailed in a new agreement between the Port Authority and the FAA to create an independent aircraft rescue and firefighting force without additional duties as police officers.
Mr Funabashi, a prominent author, draws parallels between the roots of the disaster and Japan's failures in the second world war.
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