Many doctors prescribe drugs known as beta blockers and calcium channel blockers for people with heart problems.
In the past decade or so, beta blockers, which slow the heart rate, have become popular in the treatment of heart failure.
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Beta blockers work by reducing activity in the sympathetic nervous system, which is one of the two major branches of the body's stress (or fight-and-flight) system.
Men on beta-blockers and other medications also had fewer brain abnormalities, but not as big a reduction as that seen in the men on beta-blockers alone.
For example, swimmers are unlikely to be tested for beta blockers - which can help calm the nerves but do not aid endurance - but divers definitely will be.
For chronic migraines, doctors also prescribe beta blockers, antiseizure medications and antidepressants, but they have significant side effects and help only about 50% of patients about 50% of the time.
The first thing to say about this is that the data are mixed: Some studies find an effect of giving beta blockers such as propranolol, and other studies do not find this.
So the idea behind beta blockers for preventing PTSD is that if you can prevent the body's stress system from reacting strongly to a trauma, you might be able to reduce the brain's fear and horror response.
Once it's clear that broken heart syndrome is the cause of your symptoms, your doctor will likely prescribe heart medications for you to take while you're in the hospital, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta blockers or diuretics.
Although beta blockers may hold some promise, the most important thing to do for someone who has experienced a trauma is to get that person professional help as soon as possible so that he or she can get maximal (and personally tailored) help.
These receptors mediate the effects of about half of all medicines, including beta-blockers, antihistamines and several psychiatric medications.
Mammograms would compete with monitors on school buses, highway guardrails with beta-blockers.
These include local anaesthetics and drugs used to treat medical conditions such as cortico-steroids, used to treat asthma, and beta-blockers, used to treat heart conditions.
Others use beta-blockers to overcome the anxiety and stress of performance.
Treatments such as diuretics (which speed up the elimination of water and salt), beta-blockers (which cause the heart to beat more slowly and less forcefully) and ACE inhibitors (which stop the production of water-attracting chemicals) have long been available.
Dr. ANDREW EINSTEIN (Cardiologist, Columbia University): Using beta-blockers or other medications to lower patient's heart rate, which in many cases will chip the radiation dose down by minimizing the number of images which are taken, and matching the technical parameters such that the patient doesn't receive too many x-rays.
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