In this kind of competition, the communities in which companies operate perceive little benefit even as profits rise.

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The third sort is the kind that might arise in Rhode Island, concerning benefit changes for current workers and current retirees.

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The IFS estimates that employer-sponsored pensions are twice as common, and also more generous, among state employees than in the private sector, where defined-benefit schemes of the kind the government wants to curtail are becoming increasingly rare.

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There was criticism, too, of the fact that many projects were of a kind more likely to benefit the middle and upper classes which, in poor countries as in rich ones, are often better able to take advantage of infrastructure, such as new hospitals, which the bank helps to create.

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Under legislation passed in 1990, a slice of that increased value can be redistributed in kind to the local community, so that others, apart from developers, benefit from planning permission.

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