Shannon would also contribute to the further development of pulse-code modulation (along with Bell alumni Bernard M Oliver and John R Pierce) at around the same time, using technology that eliminated some of the issues (such as complex circuitry) from the earlier, but conceptually similar, implementation from Briton Alec Reeves in 1938.

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It had spread across college campuses because Bell Labs started giving away the UNIX source code.

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An independent expert, Sir David Bell, had ruled that the First Minister had not broken the ministerial code with regard to the issue of legal advice on Scotland in Europe.

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