His fifth election, in 2005, was Egypt's first multi-party presidential vote, but many considered that, too, to be a sham.
CNN: For Mubarak, once Egypt's strongman, a long fall from grace
But senior American political figures - such as the former US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright - warn that the presidential contest could turn out to be a sham.
If ARPA-ED does move forward and, after a few years, the Department of Education suggests that the initiative is a success because of the investment it has seeded independent of the success in actual adoption, this will be a sham.
So long as nearly 90% of councils' revenues come from central government, local autonomy will be something of a sham whoever is in charge.
This settlement is yet another example of how class action lawsuits can be a one-sided sham.
FORBES: Thanks, Google Buzz: Class Action Lawyers Celebrate Impending Fees
In January, three Slovakian nationals were jailed for three years each for smuggling two people into the country, one of whom was to be used in a "sham" marriage.
True, most taxpayers won't be criminally charged for investing in a sham trust.
Because what they suggest is that our brave and creative and unique experiment in self-rule is somehow just a sham with which we can't be trusted.
In October the authority announced the centre would close for two weeks for the building to be assessed, but some of those interviewed said this was a "sham" to soften the blow of closure to the public.
BBC: The leisure centre attracted over 750,000 visitors a year
The study will assess if "sham feeding" can stop nausea after surgery which can be caused by a patient being starved before a general anaesthetic.
But the fact that even the participants receiving the sham acupuncture therapy reported some relief of their symptoms suggests that a strong placebo effect may be responsible for at least part of the improvement.
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