In most cases, youths and adults with limited basic literacy skills find it difficult to re-enroll in the formal education system due to family commitments and the fear of being stigmatized.

UNESCO: Ich will lernen (I want to learn)

But it warns against a preoccupation with pre-job training, which often teaches the wrong skills and misses basic graces (such as time-keeping and not being cheeky to the boss) that many claimants lack.

ECONOMIST: Help, and a hard shove, for the jobless