For all three studies, the placebo-adjusted percentage change from baseline at week 52 was statistically significant.

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In contrast, the standard-treatment group showed no significant change from baseline on any of the above measures.

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The election results are then compared with this baseline to show seat change for each council and nationwide.

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Because a baseline does give you a starting place from which to calculate change, it helps measure the effects of tax proposals.

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In other words, a country would decide how its land-use carbon emission or absorption would be likely to change in future, and then to measure actual performance against that baseline.

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