Based on these studies alone, AstraZeneca asked the FDA for accelerated approval of Iressa on Dec. 28, 2001.

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These shorter studies have been based on methods that are very different from the Harvard-OSU research, but in the 2, 000 years that they overlap, the results have been basically the same.

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Unfortunately, these studies, which are all based on actual tax returns, suffer from several empirical problems.

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Many of these reports are based on the results of epidemiologic studies, which examine associations between a wide range of behaviors and exposures, on the one hand, and the development of diseases, on the other.

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Many investors expect that these drugs might be approved, at least in some patients, based only on studies of their cholesterol-lowering potency, not hard proof they prevent heart attacks and strokes.

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Until these tests are developed, men should decide on screening based on their personal concerns and enter the clinical studies to help find out how good screening is and to help find better tests.

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These schools encourage critical reflection, and some of their best students go on to social-science-based postgraduate studies in universities in the West.

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