The investment banking firm underwriting the bonds structured the issue with serial maturities from 2013 to 2021.
Topics would include financial instruments in East-West trade offered by the banking sector (such as bonds), bank-to-bank cooperation, and even ruble convertibility.
But if those advocating a euro breakup are barking up the wrong tree, so too are those arguing for the immediate creation of common euro-zone bonds and a banking union.
Last year, in a bid to generate domestic capital for business activity, the government issued interest-bearing recapitalization bonds to prime the banking system with funds.
Currently, one of the big buyers of Brazilian government bonds outside of its own banking sector is Japan.
Its large banking sector has suffered losses on Greek bonds, and its biggest power station has been knocked out by munitions exploding on a naval base.
Even if interest rates hit zero, they argue, central banks can use other measures, such as flooding the banking system with money, buying government bonds or intervening in the currency markets.
Buying bonds puts money into the banking system.
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On April 11, with the crisis of investor confidence spreading from Greek government bonds to the country's banking system, the EU finally put money on the table.
He said when the U.S. Federal Reserve buys bonds it puts the money into the banking system, and banks would normally lend it out.
In a normally functioning economy, when the central bank buys government bonds, it injects money into the banking system where it will be lent out, facilitating growth.
Most banking products are rapidly becoming tradable commodities: anyone can sell bonds, issue mortgages or offer various types of savings account.
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Such wishful thinking led to the financial bubble of 1997-98, when hot money from abroad piled into flimsy stocks and bonds, culminating in the default, devaluation and banking collapse of August 1998.
As a last resort, the banking watchdog hopes to force financial-services firms to value all bonds they hold at market prices from July, in the hope this will encourage them to start trading them more.
The Federal Reserve can nip this thing fairly quickly by selling more bonds from its portfolio, thereby removing excess cash from our banking system.
Not quite the only thing: the ESM could be granted a banking license and then borrow newly printed money from the ECB to buy the bonds.
The easing comprises a number of technical tweaks, including increasing the level of reserves in the current account and boosting the Bank's purchase of bonds, both of which should increase flows of money into the banking system.
Moreover, the latest developments in the eurozone with respect to some unlimited bonds purchases by the European Central Bank, the blueprint of a banking union there and the ratification of the European Stability Mechanism, or ESM, by the German Constitutional Court have effectively diminished short term risks, all of which benefited the peso.
The banking watchdog is now planning to introduce an inter-dealer broking system for trading bonds.
Washington now controls long-term bond yields, promises low interest rates years into the future, makes bets on trillions of dollars in bonds, dominates the home-mortgage market and regulates myriad aspects of banking and investing in the U.S. and abroad.
The moment that Greece defaults, its bonds will no longer be eligible for use as ECB collateral, the Greek banking system will collapse, and this process will screech to a halt.
In the five years since the start of the crisis, the investment-banking arms of large international commercial banks have won a dominant share of key markets such as bonds, currencies and commodities (see chart).
Among the key agreements from the 29 June summit were moves towards banking union with the European Central Bank (ECB) acting as a supervisor and allowing European bailout funds to buy bonds to try to reduce countries' borrowing costs.
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