For small British firms facing a squeeze there are desperately few alternatives to bank finance.
In Canada, pension funds have invested directly into infrastructure for years, reducing reliance on bank finance.
But there is little sign that cross-border bank finance has any particular significance in this.
Fed policy makers need to use their detailed understanding of micro economics and bank finance to creatively implement policy adjustments.
Like most non-bank finance that rate is, as Channel Advisor observed, expensive, but it is also comes with a four-day turnaround.
Bank finance and stockmarket development, for instance, seem to be closely associated.
Things may get stickier for firms that rely on non-bank finance, but even there the need to put assets to work may overcome foreign contagion.
What is striking about where he ends up, as I understand it, is that he will encourage businesses to wean themselves off their addiction to bank finance and do more to help themselves.
Last week central bank and finance ministry officials were in America to sound out the possibilities for raising money there.
But that does not mean they would want the same bank to finance new machinery or to insure their employees' lives.
Like Barack Obama, Mr Rohatyn is an unabashed advocate of more public infrastructure spending and has proposed a National Infrastructure Bank to finance it.
Presumably they've checked with the lawyers to make sure that this does not violate the Maastricht Treaty, which forbids governments from using the central bank to finance any of their deficits.
But he has only sold a few of the 20 units in his development, and he faces huge carrying costs to pay for the money he has borrowed from the bank to finance the development.
In the 1960s and 1970s it was enough to supply the home market, or at most reach out to such near neighbours as France and Germany, and to rely on your local bank for finance.
ECONOMIST: So easy to pinpoint what is wrong, so hard to put it right
Not only would such an arrangement generate countervailing forces to doubly ensure that neither the U.S. nor Europe went off gold unilaterally in the future, it also immediately would create two competitive reserve currencies, which would bring market forces to bear to prevent shenanigans by either central bank or finance ministry and provide an indirect restraint on parliamentary borrowing.
FORBES: Mundell's Dollar/Euro Fix Doesn't Fix Our Currency Mess
Instead, Douglas Flint, who had been the bank's finance director, took over as chairman, Mr. Geoghegan left the bank, and investment- banking head Stuart Gulliver became CEO.
But within the Central Bank and the Finance Ministry, a weak dollar is just as dirty.
We then flew to Kirklareli, a remote village where the bank had helped finance irrigation canals.
The World Bank and the African Development Bank refused to finance the upgrading.
Both the central bank and the finance ministry insist that Korea First will get no help without performing a penance.
Mr Obama's plans include creating an infrastructure bank to help finance transport projects, supporting high-speed rail and investing in subways and buses.
The prime minister is a former World Bank economist and finance minister.
The Federal Reserve responded with several programs, including a facility to finance bank purchases of high-quality asset-backed commercial paper from money market mutual funds.
This suggests one way to reduce the risk of a property bubble: rely less on bank debt to finance construction, and more on equity.
Rohatyn's call for action is to create a National Infrastructure Bank that would finance projects using capital from the public as well as private and international funds.
But after that, their future is uncertain because they can't qualify for federal grants, work-study programs or bank loans to finance college nor can they obtain work legally.
Alas, this is really semantics: The FDIC will still be sucking money from the banking system to finance bank foreclosures, which means less money for loans to sound businesses and consumers.
Despite help with research from the state-owned bank, and finance from a state agency, low cattle prices meant that the ranchers could never raise enough capital to keep the co-operative going.
ECONOMIST: Can the rules be bent just enough to keep them alive?
The Central Bank and the Finance Ministry joined forces earlier this week to devise two new measures and amendments to the Constitution to keep the Brazilian real from strengthening too much against the dollar.
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