The narrator of "The Fall" makes backward glances in the direction of Paris, but Camus wrote nothing of substance about France.

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Democrats seem inclined to take a step in the right direction on the former while slipping backward on the latter.

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"This is an election to decide on the nation's direction - to go forward or to go backward, " Mr Noda said of the election set for 16 December.

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"We are moving in the right direction and do not need to be taking a backward step, " she said.

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Persistence in the direction of house-price changes suggests that expectations are set by looking backward: prices are expected to rise because they have done so in the recent past.

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