Mr Kadyrov was more credible than average: his background as mufti, his time with the rebels and his experience as administrator gave him a unique mixture of levers of influence.

ECONOMIST: Russia and Chechnya

And use salary-comparison sites, such as PayScale.com, Salary.com, and Glassdoor.com, to determine the average compensation for someone with your background.

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Against a background rate of an average inflation rate of two percent for the euro area as a whole, a fast pace of improvement in cost competitiveness for debt-stressed countries would require significant wage cuts.

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Gaston, who entered the sport from a traditional alpine skiing background, trains up to 14 hours per week, climbing an average of 25, 000 vertical feet (Northeast ski resorts typically offer between 1, 000-2, 000 vertical feet).

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Those who left private schools in the 1980s and early 1990s can expect to earn 35% more in life than the average product of a state school, they found, around half of which can be attributed to education, not background.

ECONOMIST: Private education