But Shibboleth handles all the identification and authentication of users in between the school and the database, thus reducing the complexity of management and protecting the privacy of individual users.
When a consumer signed up to the Vodafone system wants to pay for online goods, they will be directed to an authentication page that asks them for identification details.
Initially, identity is critical as the phone becomes not only an additional form of identification but one that can triangulate with others to provide authentication.