Flame, Duqu, and Stuxnet were effective and secret for several years, but as Hypponen makes evident, the industry is ramping up quickly to address these types of attack.

FORBES: Operation Olympic Games, Project X, and the assault on the IT security industry

Two specific types of immune system cell that attack invaders - CD4 T-cells and natural killer cells - increased in number with age, with a higher rate of increase in women than in men.

BBC: Biological clue to why women live longer than men

Many countries, including Lebanon and Cambodia, have experienced civilian casualties from similar types of submunitions, both at the time of attack and from submunitions that didn't explode on initial impact.

CNN: The gruesome toll of deadly cluster bombs in Syria

Srivastava discovered that three, possibly four, types of HSP go further, prompting immune cells to attack cancerous cells.

FORBES: In search of antigens

In past years, the only upside of attack ads was that they generally contained more issue content than other types of ads.

CNN: Commentary: 2008 campaign attack ads hit an all-time low