The new tests are perhaps the closest Wales will get to having a standard method of assessing pupils once again.

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Congress established a highly procyclical method for assessing FDIC premiums.

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A-IRB, the most advanced method of assessing credit risk.

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The standard measure for such things is the Scoville Heat Unit, or SHU, named after Wilbur Lincoln Scoville, a chemist who in 1912 developed a method of assessing the heat given off by capsaicin, the active ingredient in chili peppers.

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MacDonald ran his numbers using equivalent GDP ratio, which he says is a better method than inflation-adjusting when it comes to assessing relative historical impacts of megaprojects like telescopes or churches.

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