During his 35 years as emperor, the Empire enjoyed a respite of peace between terrible religious wars.
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While much of his time as Emperor was spent in battle, Marcus made a major impact on the study of philosophy by establishing four Chairs of Philosophy in Athens, one for each of the principal philosophical traditions (Platonic, Aristotelian, Stoic, and Epicurean).
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In 1822, Dom Pedro, founder of the Brazilian Empire was crowned as first emperor of Brazil and ruled as Pedro I.
Early Welsh texts do not refer to him as a king, but as an emperor or war leader.
Paris sent in fresh reinforcements, later squashing the Mexicans, and in two years installed an Austrian archduke, Maximilian Hapsburg, as puppet Emperor of Mexico.
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This too was banned as an import by the emperor, but as with all such illicit goods, smuggling on a massive scale occurred.
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Royals from Denmark, Luxembourg, Norway, Sweden, Monaco, Brunei, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Thailand are among those invited to both events, as are the emperor and empress of Japan.
For starters, the Indian government never embarked on an official program to mandate Western clothes in the workplace as the Japanese Emperor Meiji did in the early 1900s, triggering a decline in traditional outfits.
From the coins on which James I is depicted as a Roman emperor to a huge tapestry of Warwickshire (commissioned by a man with land and connections), these artefacts shaped the way people perceived the world, and help historians to understand what they saw.
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He served as the 16th Roman Emperor until his death in 180 C.
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They evangelized much of Asia in the 16th century, acting as emissaries to the Emperor of China, among other kingdoms.
Indeed, local audiences were suspicious of the Emperor, as Kurosawa was called for his imperious ways, and studio bosses tired of his perfectionism and big budgets.
The fact Bikila -- who served as a bodyguard for Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie in his day job -- chose to run without shoes only added to the impression that he was not to be taken seriously.
Pope Gregory VII may have humiliated the Emperor Henry IV, as Innocent III later humiliated Philip Augustus of France and King John of England.
In 1519, Charles I of Spain became Holy Roman Emperor and ruled until 1556 as Charles V.
He is Huang Di, the Yellow Emperor viewed by many Chinese as the founder of the country 6, 000 years ago.
The Byzantine emperor Justinian is still known as "the Great" for reconquering Italy, north Africa and south-eastern Spain as well as codifying Roman law in a way which forms the basis of legal systems in many countries today.
As Lucilla, the sister of the villainous Emperor Commodus, Nielsen brought some much-needed subtlety to the swords-and-sandals epic and held her own sharing the screen with Joaquin Phoenix and Russell Crowe.
Despite this liberation the queen remains a passive figure, sought out only if there is a crisis in the Commonwealth, a row over royal finances or a controversial state occasion such as the visit of the much-reviled Japanese Emperor Hirohito in 1971.
These were all once high-flying stocks, and the financial "detectives" that we know as short-sellers revealed with each that the proverbial emperor had no clothes.
It began as a church in 537 under the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, eager to go one up on his Roman antecedents by building a structure on an unprecedented scale.
As well as the fossils Scott collected, the exhibition also features a stuffed emperor penguin, watercolours of the ice-scape by Edward Wilson, and photographs from the pole taken by Herbert Ponting.
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He went on to direct such landmark dramas as The Conformist, the controversial Last Tango and historical epic The Last Emperor, winner of nine Academy Awards in 1988.
The Japanese believed in the unwritten Samurai code of conduct, known as Bushido, which held that the true warrior was willing to die for the Emperor and would never surrender.
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"I can never forget there were firefighters and others who lost their lives because they rescued others and ensured safety, even as they knew their own lives were in danger, " said the 78-year-old emperor, facing the altar on the stage adorned with white chrysanthemums shipped in from Tohoku.
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As the afternoon wore on, there were even reminders of the Central African Republic's troubled past under Emperor Jean-Bedel Bokassa.
Yellow Emperor-worship will enjoy a boost from the introduction this week of a new public holiday known as Qingming, Tomb Sweeping Day.
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"If I saw this screen in 17th-century Japan, " he says, "I'd see it as a statement of resistance against the Shogunate, " the feudal military leaders who were eroding the power of the emperor.
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