Dr. Thomas A. Farley, commissioner of the city's health department, claimed the consent requirement was "lawful, appropriate and necessary" in a September press release.

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Richard Neale had failed to obtain informed consent for operations and failed to give patients the appropriate information about further problems they were likely to suffer after surgery, Prof Hobbs said.

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Holyrood debated the Welfare Reform Bill in October and voted in favour of opposing the forthcoming Legislative Consent Motion pertaining to the Welfare Reform Bill, subject to consideration by the appropriate committees.

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That is part of how research is conducted, and it's justified by relying on the concept of informed consent from research subjects and a requirement that the distribution of the risks and benefits of research are appropriate.

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