The Veterans Affairs Department, perhaps the largest federal agency to make a big push for mobile devices, has settled on security at the application layer, a course that the largest potential federal buyer, the Defense Department, is unlikely to copy.

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In hybrid form, a private cloud can include data stored on premise or off, with a private Platform-as-a-Service middleware layer managing application data and enforcing data security.

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Samsung KNOX is an end-to-end secure Android solution that provides security hardening from the hardware through to the application layer.

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