He noted that Penn State has an independent board of trustees and is not an arm of the state the way other schools are.

WSJ: Sandusky Accuser Plans to Testify

In Seidemann's case, the court treats the union as an arm of the state and thus sets a high bar for speech it is seen as compelling the employee to make.

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Among the MFIs' biggest critics is Budithi Rajsekhar, boss of the Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty, an arm of the state government formed in 2000 to run its own microcredit programme.

ECONOMIST: Banyan

Sixteen of the 41 Chinese companies on the list are owned by an arm of the government dedicated to managing state assets.

ECONOMIST: Emerging multinationals

However, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, an arm of the Justice Department, cautioned that the previous study was based on a survey of current inmates in both state and federal institutions.

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An under-performing state school in Guildford in southern England has already been taken over by the private-sector arm of a successful west Midlands school.

ECONOMIST: Education, education, education