Ammonium nitrate, a solid fertilizer composed of ammonia and nitrogen, is also a component of explosives widely used in mining.
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Anammox bacteria transform ammonia to nitrogen in fewer steps than more common bacteria, and require much less oxygen, and therefore energy, to do so.
One of the worst disasters in U.S. history involving a form of ammonia occurred in April 1947 when a ship loaded with ammonium nitrate -- a solid fertlizer composed of ammonia and nitrogen -- caught fire while docked in Texas City, Texas, in April 1947.
Then in the early 20th Century, German chemist Fritz Haber invented a high temperature-high pressure technique to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.
Too much oxygen and the toxic ammonia in waste won't convert to nitrogen gas, which bubbles out.
In part, the idea is to refine the approach first recognised in the 1930s, which exploits the chemical affinity between carbon dioxide and nitrogen-based molecules such as ammonia or the closely-related amines.
The hazardous compounds are: two forms of hydrazine, nitrogen tetroxide and a pure form of ammonia.
In Europe the trucking industry has settled on a technology called selective catalytic reduction, in which urea is periodically injected into the exhaust system to break down the NOx, converting nitrogen oxides into (somewhat) harmless ammonia.
Injected into the exhaust stream, the solution's ammonia reacts in the de-NOx catalyzer to form nitrogen and water vapor.
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To simulate the atmosphere, they have built a special cloud chamber of their own, with the air manufactured from scratch, using liquid nitrogen and oxygen together with precise amounts of trace compounds, including sulphuric acid and ammonia.
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