He said AMFA's 1998 decision to break off from the International Association of Machinists--part of the AFL-CIO--clearly backfired.

FORBES: Northwest Saves Its Skin

Without the SEC findings and release, AMFA would have been hard pressed to justify the need for a forensic audit.

FORBES: Freakonomics: The Hidden Side of Managing Money ( September 2, 2005 )

The company hired replacement workers on Saturday to fill in for the strikers, who belong to the Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association (AMFA), unveiling a backup plan it had quietly drafted 18 months ago.

FORBES: Magazine Article

What was the stimulus for the AMFA letter?

FORBES: Freakonomics: The Hidden Side of Managing Money ( September 2, 2005 )