As expected, the researchers found that men were more competitive than women a pattern unaffected by age and that the gap couldn't be explained by ability.
The spending pattern is likely attributable to age, says Hoyt: Low-income consumers are more likely to be young people paying off loans, and at the upper end of the spectrum there are parents sending kids to private school and college.
Renting and other arrangements (living rent-free with family members or friends) show the opposite pattern, with rates climbing steadily starting at age 75.
Each request should be considered individually and take into account factors such as the pupil's age, the timing of the proposed holiday and the overall attendance pattern of the pupil.