All Filipinos assume that a certain amount of dagdag-bawas, meaning addition and subtraction, goes on during the count.

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Indeed, monetarism is the fatal conceit that says wise minds should control the economy through the addition and subtraction of dollars.

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About a century ago, a German horse named "Kluger Hans" (Clever Hans) was thought to be capable of addition and subtraction.

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They do so by starting chain-reactions that result in the addition and subtraction of molecular sub-units known as phosphate groups from particular proteins in the nerve cell being stimulated.

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It's been a process of both addition and subtraction.

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But they are subject to discussion, addition and subtraction.

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The basic concepts of addition and subtraction, place value, multiplication and division, and how they relate to each other, need to be understood before children can go any further in the subject, he says.

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It also expects pupils be able to recall subtraction and addition sums to 20 by the age of seven.

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"All young children should be confident with methods of addition, subtraction, times tables and division before they pick up the calculator to work out more complex sums, " she said.

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