Moreover, unlike art, science is a collective activity that demands collaboration.

ECONOMIST: History of science

In the decision Thursday, Second Circuit Judge Jose Cabranes held that the union representing the City College of New York could not force David Seidemann to pay dues for "ideological" activity not related to the union's core job of collective bargaining.

FORBES: Magazine Article

Social activity has long been embedded in most online services, from Google search (based on the collective linking choices of website owners) and email to Pinterest, Twitter, and those content sharing services such as ShareThis and AddThis.

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Passed in part to protect collective-bargaining rights, the law grants employees a right to engage in "protected concerted activity, " such as discussing pay or other conditions.

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