It does not include ATM withdrawals, cash advances against a credit card, a check issued in connection with a payment card, or any transaction in which a payment card is accepted as payment by a merchant or other payee who is related to the issuer of the card.
On this account, governments impose taxes payable only in money, creating a demand for money that means it will be widely accepted as payment for goods.
Discussions are also under way with the train operating companies that serve London about accepting contactless payment cards where Oyster is currently accepted.