That leaves too little capital available for investment, with the result that, absent reforms, Africa is doomed to continue its downward spiral.

FORBES: Africa and economics

Alternatively, absent any reforms, they said they would move for a shareholder vote to replace the board.

WSJ: Related and Corvex Target CommonWealth's Management

Absent economic reforms, much of Mr. Abe's new liquidity heads overseas.

WSJ: Review & Outlook: Abenomics Hits the Neighbors