Evaluating the impact of countercyclical macroeconomic policy is inherently difficult because we do not observe what would have happened to the economy in the absence of policy.
WHITEHOUSE: Recovery Act Fourth Quarterly Report - Executive Summary
But that absence of policy undermines hopes for the UK will develop a home-grown industry manufacturing low-carbon systems like offshore wind farms.
Tory Glyn Davies suggested there would be no need for a referendum on the devolution of income tax if the four main parties included the idea in their election manifestos (although conversely, you could argue that the absence of policy choice was an argument for a referendum).
So in the absence of a policy, the Medicare program is simply not paying its bills.
And, in the absence of gritty policy details from their prospective chancellor's lips, many voters are still unsure who would set his agenda once in power.
The result is an absence of common policy, and in place of it a competition for Russia's friendship between France and Germany, which Britain used to join but rarely does now.
ECONOMIST: The EU's relations with Russia are bad and may get worse
America's immigration wars are expanding into the vacuum caused by the absence of a federal policy.
The political world may actually feel Mr Greenspan's absence most outside monetary policy.
But it suggests a bleak future for countries locked into the monetary straitjacket of the euro, in the absence of easier monetary policy by the European Central Bank.
We got the most thunderous Just-In-Time monetary policy today that is a substitute for the absence of any degree of stimulative fiscal policy.
It took a number of years of flawed policy decisions, of an absence of appropriate oversight and regulation, of unfortunate risky behavior in our financial markets to precipitate the economic free fall that we all experienced in 2008 and 2009.
This is especially so in the continued absence of an effective U.S. compliance policy.
The absence of severe recessions or abrupt shifts in monetary policy has made investors more confident, and thus more willing to borrow.
But again, this view is in large part the consequence of the absence of an informed public debate about Israel's policy option in light of the failure of the Oslo process.
CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: Squandering Israel's Limited Influence
But governments do not have the luxury of stopping there: policy must be decided, so, in the absence of compelling evidence, they must take a best guess.
At this point, no policy can plug the hole that will result from the sudden absence of parents that Russia is facing, and the "record birthrates" he referred to in his TV appearance are still not high enough to ensure that parents will replace themselves.
Lawyers and experts on internet policy say no court case has ever turned on the presence or absence of such an automatic e-mail footer in America, the most litigious of rich countries.
But if there is a market opportunity in British politics, it is the absence of a party that dares to be liberal in both its economics and its social policy.
Policy makers insist that it will, while their critics suggest retaining such faith in the absence of evidence is akin to believing in fairies.
"Our lawyers concluded that in the absence of a statement to the contrary from Congress, the Fair Labor Standards Act would apply, " domestic policy advisor Bruce Reed told The Associated Press.
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