In 1976, the U.S. deployed 100 Spartan and Sprint interceptors in an ABM defense at Grand Forks, N.

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"It is a pre-emptive move, " said Abheek Barua, an economist at ABM Amro in Mumbai.

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It was a major factor in our decision in 1972, at the time the ABM Treaty was signed, to rely on Mutual Assured Destruction rather than active terminal defense.

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As the 20 years that followed the ABM Treaty clearly demonstrated, none of this proved to be true at all.

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The theory is that it would at least permit some strategic defenses to be deployed and would put to rest the notion that the ABM Treaty must remain immutable in perpetuity.

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