In Asia, where gas is largely traded using a system of long-term contracts tied to the price of oil, prices are high.
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For instance, research-intensive universities might benefit most from a hybrid of renewable long-term contracts and fringe benefit trade-offs, whereas it may be most efficient for teaching colleges to utilize a combination of contingent faculty and renewable contracts.
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In 2008-2010, the prepaid phone market grew as a proportion of the overall handset market as many consumers opted out of long-term contracts that carried a fixed monthly plan.
While the Center for Security Policy has long believed that closing this gaping loophole is essential if the economic sanctions imposed last year are to have any appreciable impact, the advance notice thus given virtually assures that a whole host of new long-term contracts for Libyan oil are being drawn up now.
The origins of long-term contracts and oil-linked pricing go back a long way.
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Britain's liberal energy market, in which long-term contracts are a rarity, is a bigger obstacle.
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In this environment, many suppliers will sacrifice margins for fixed long-term contracts with a reputable, credit-worthy buyer, especially as it can help them establish lines of credit with their banks.
He says Gamesa, which also builds and runs wind parks, is a safer bet, since it has long-term contracts with the large Spanish utilities.
UBS' Shaw believes Koppers will be in fine shape, since it has locked in long-term contracts and has a history of stable growth in past downturns.
Although many PV manufacturers have entered long-term polysilicon contracts, a growing number have decided to buy their way out of these contracts to leverage low silicon prices.
Firms now in the hottest water once made a lot of money by entering into long-term contracts to buy and sell electricity and gas, often covering just the first few years with countervailing contracts, leaving the remainder as a bet on the direction of prices.
Last October Russia and Ukraine agreed to make a gradual transition to market prices and long-term direct contracts.
The lawsuit charged that Eaton had entered into long-term contracts with truck manufacturers of a sort that stifled competition in the North American truck transmissions market.
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Power-sector reforms allowed smaller European utilities to compete more vigorously, buying LNG on the spot market at a price sometimes as low as half that of long-term contracts from Russia.
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Over decades, these industries became part of a complex and self-sustaining bureaucracy supporting expensive, long-term contracts for uncontestable, non-standard offerings.
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Considering the difficulties in the market right now as credit contracts and long term joblessness persists as a huge problem, consumers are at least creeping back to the malls.
Where Enron made a market in just about anything, from long-term gas supply contracts to memory chips, Priory demands that Duke's traders stick to the commodities Duke transports through its pipelines or generates in its power plants.
These investors are counting on a fairly steady return from the fees homeowners pay under their long-term contracts.
There is a good continuity of players, most of them are on relatively long-term contracts and signed up.
Holding off discussions about the health law's impact on a business might not make sense for employers getting ready to enter long-term contracts with customers, suppliers or trade unions.
The retailer's struggles have some observers thinking it soon will turn to its real estate as a savior by selling some of the 429 stores it owns or the long-term contracts on those it leases.
There are two objectives: to find customers willing to sign long-term contracts for coal from Galilee and to rope in a couple of large buyers as strategic investors, says Mudit Parashar, senior vice president of corporate development, who works closely with Reddy.
Angel said it was nearing the end of negotiations with a "sizeable customer" on a long-term supply contract for materials supplied directly from ABL. The group expects other contracts to follow.
But procuring cheaper gas from other countries is complicated, in part because long-term contracts that many German utilities have signed with Russia lock them into a price tied to the price of oil.
Casey's buys its gas in the spot market, but sometimes it can't recover a price hike immediately at the pump, since some of the competition is buying on long-term contracts and can afford to respond more gradually.
It's more a matter of sticking with manufactured equipment that lends itself to follow-up revenue through long-term service contracts.
The reason why smartphones are subsidized by carriers in return for long-term contracts is that smartphone users are widely recognized as heavy data users and bring a higher life-time value to carriers.
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If unions cooperate in restructuring benefits and financial plans in a way that make them sustainable for the long-term, the emergency financial manager will not have to touch their contracts.
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