The other is chaos theory, which explains how a tiny disturbance can cascade into a large effect.
The pump beam had a large effect on the reflectivity of the mirror, but only over a narrow range of temperatures.
From those numbers calculated above we can see that this would have quite a large effect on the gas consumption of the fleet.
This simple adjustment has a large effect on estimated liabilities.
Given the millions of people who have taken antidepressants for many years, I think it is unlikely that very large health risks will one day come to light, for the simple reason that such a large effect would have already been recognized.
When supply is tight, a small increase in demand can have a disproportionately large effect on price.
As the chart below shows, the number of employees in a business has a very large effect on whether or not the company offers employee health insurance.
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They find a surprisingly large effect.
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By awarding it to the EU, "the Nobel committee wanted to remind people that the European project... has had a civilising effect, making a large contribution to turning ancient enemies into partners and spreading democracy and human rights", an editorial by Oliver le Bussy says.
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And there is a fear that debt forgiveness for Greece would be the thin end of a very thick wedge, such that Ireland - for example - might argue that if Greece were getting what would in effect be a large transfer from the rest of the eurozone, it would like a bit of that too, thank you very much.
Although these figures are small in global terms, they are large enough to have a significant effect on the recipient countries.
Mr Osborne's advisers would say any increase in investment that is large enough to have a material effect on the recovery would set off alarm bells in the markets, even if the formal deficit plan had not been undermined.
The sensible cost-saving decision to merge its PC and printing divisions impacted its first half, but a Canalys survey of channel partners revealed that a large majority think this will have a positive (or neutral) effect on their future business.
"A 5mm (0.2 inches) particle striking a large solar array is likely to have a very little long-lasting effect, but such an object hitting the main body of a satellite could cause a vital component to fail, " he said.
Indeed, a large portion of these investments have the effect of making funds available to the U.S. government.
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Due to the uncertainty about 2013 tax rates, it is possible that we are seeing some stocks getting set up for a large-cap version of the January effect.
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With a housing-wealth effect twice as large (the same size as in Mr Muellbauer's study) and one and a half times as speedy, it would be 1.5% lower a little earlier.
In Timor-Leste last year, violence flared after, in effect, a mutiny by a large part of the armed forces.
The Chinese money supply has now grown so large that further increases can only have a limited effect.
It is likely that applying these techniques to entire industries and large populations will have a groundbreaking and highly disruptive effect.
On Tuesday evening security forces remained in large numbers throughout the city as a curfew took effect, with helicopters circling above.
Colonel JOE CURTIN (Spokesman, Pentagon): The division has almost 300 helicopters, cargo, attack and reconnaissance-type aircraft, so it is an extremely capable division that can provide the necessary speed and shock effect that you would need in a large-scale combat operation.
Large-scale land concessions often generate a planning blight effect, which here refers to the uncertainty and deleterious effects on the social fabric and economic activities in targeted areas once a land allocation decision is made, or once negotiations between government and prospective investors have begun.
After all, the storm's effect on the wider economy has not been a large.
But he calls for Bristol-Myers to do a large study to examine the drug's long-term effect on the heart.
Even a small decline in growth can have a large impact on future income and wealth, because of the effect of compounding.
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The inter-religious and inter-cultural dialogue between Christians and Muslims is, in effect, a vital necessity, on which a large part of our future depends.
These kinds of do good do well partnerships with large corporate players create what author Liz Wiseman calls a multiplier effect for the LFN.
They need to show not just that the ad was shown to a large number of people, but that it actually had some effect on a business metric that the company and its investors care about.
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